Photo:2
Photo:3
Photo:4
Photo:5
Photo:6
Photo:2 Photo:3 Photo:4 Photo:5 Photo:6 |
| Historical relations | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2>
A giraffe brought from Somalia in the twelfth year of Yongle (AD 1415).
China and Africa have a history of trade relations, sometimes through third parties, dating back as far as 202 BC and AD 220.[8] The first mention of Africa in Chinese sources was in the Yu-yang-tsa-tsu by Tuan Ch'eng-shih (died 863), a compendium of general knowledge where he wrote about the land of Po-pa-li (referring to Somalia).
Archaeological excavations at Mogadishu, Somalia and Kilwa, Tanzania have recovered many coins from China. The majority of the Chinese coins date to the Song Dynasty, although the Ming Dynasty and Qing Dynasty are also represented, according to Richard Pankhurst.[9] In 1226 Chao Jukua, commissioner of foreign trade at Quanzhou in the Fujian province of China, completed his Chu-fan-chih (Description of Barbarous Peoples) which discusses Zanzibar (Ts'ong-pa) and Somalia (Pi-P'a-Lo).[10]
In the 14th century, Moroccan traveler and scholar Ibn Battuta made a long journey to Africa and Asia. He reached China in April 1345 after a stay in India before serving as an envoy of Sultan Muhammad Tughlaq of the Indian Tughlaq dynasty to China.[1][11] He wrote:[12]
China is the safest, best regulated of countries for a traveler. A man may go by himself on a nine-month journey, carrying with him a large sum of money, without any fear. Silk is used for clothing even by poor monks and beggars. Its porcelains are the finest of all makes of pottery and its hens are bigger than geese in our country.
The Ming Dynasty voyages of Chinese admiral Zheng He and his fleet, which rounded the coast of Somalia and followed the coast down to the Mozambique Channel. The goal of those expeditions was to spread Chinese culture and signal Chinese strength. Zheng brought gifts and granted titles from the Ming emperor to the local rulers, with the aim of establishing a large number of tributary states.[3] In October 1415, Chinese explorer and admiral Zheng He reached the eastern coast of Africa and sent the first of two giraffes as gifts to the Chinese Yongle Emperor.[13]
There are some other accounts that mention Chinese ships sinking near Lamu Island in Kenya in 1415. Survivors are said to have settled in the island and married local women.[14][15]
Archaeologists have found Chinese porcelains made during the Tang dynasty (618-907) in Kenyan villages; however, these were believed to have been brought over by Zheng He during his 15th century ocean voyages.[16] On Lamu Island off the Kenyan coast, local oral tradition maintains that 20 shipwrecked Chinese sailors, possibly part of Zheng's fleet, washed up on shore there hundreds of years ago. Given permission to settle by local tribes after having killed a dangerous python, they converted to Islam and married local women. Now, they are believed to have just six descendants left there; in 2002, DNA tests conducted on one of the women confirmed that she was of Chinese descent. Her daughter, Mwamaka Sharifu, later received a PRC government scholarship to study traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in China.[17][18]
National Geographic also published an article by Frank Viviano in July 2005, he visited Pate Island during the time he stayed on Lamu, ceramic fragments had been found around Lamu which the administrative officer of the local Swahili history museum claimed were of Chinese origin, specifically from Zheng He's vorage to east Africa. The eyes of the Pate people resembled Chinese and Famao and Wei were some of the names among them which were speculated to be of Chinese origin. Their ancestors were said to be from indigenous women who intermarried with Chinese Ming sailors when they were shipwrecked. Two places on Pate were called "Old Shanga", and "New Shanga", which the Chinese sailors had named. A local guide who claimed descent from the Chinese showed Frank a graveyard made out of coral on the island, indicating that they were the graves of the Chinese sailors, which the author described as "virtually identical", to Chinese Ming dynasty tombs, complete with "half-moon domes" and "terraced entries".[19]
According to Melanie Yap and Daniel Leong Man in their book "Colour, Confusions and Concessions: the History of Chinese in South Africa", Chu Ssu-pen, a Chinese mapmaker, in 1320 had southern Africa drawn on one of his maps. Ceramics found in Zimbabwe and South Africa dated back to Song dynasty China. Some tribes to Cape Town's north claimed descent from Chinese sailors during the 1200s, their physical appearance is similar to Chinese with paler skin and a Mandarin sounding tonal language. Their name for themselves is "abandoned people", Awatwa in their language.[20]
[edit] Tags:People's Republic Of China,Africa,Silk Road,China,African Continent,Ibn Battuta,Moroccan,Sa'id Of Mogadishu,Somali,Ming Dynasty,Chinese,Admiral,Zheng He,Somalia,Mozambique Channel,Mao Zedong,Chinese Communist Party,African Nations,United States,Forum On China-africa Cooperation,Edit,Giraffe,Twelfth Year Of Yongle (ad 1415),History Of Trade,Yu-yang-tsa-tsu,Tuan Ch'eng-shih,Mogadishu,Kilwa,Tanzania,Chinese Coins,Song Dynasty,Qing Dynasty,Richard Pankhurst,Chao Jukua,Quanzhou,Fujian Province,Zanzibar,India,Sultan Muhammad Tughlaq,Indian Tughlaq Dynasty,Chinese Culture,Yongle,Lamu Island,Kenya,Tang Dynasty,Oral Tradition,Islam,Traditional Chinese Medicine,National Geographic,Pate Island,Algeria,Egypt,Guinea,Morocco,Sudan,Zhou Enlai,China's Foreign Policy,Wars Of National Liberation,Focac,Cold War,Communist,Anti-apartheid,Liberation Movement,African National Congress,South Africa,Soviet Union,Pan-africanist Congress,Somali Democratic Republic,Greater Somalia,Ethiopia,Ogaden Region,Siad Barre,Segrated,Russian Communism,Burundi,Michel Micombero,The Question,Taiwan,United Nations,Zambia,Swaziland,Burkina Faso,The Gambia,São Tomé And Príncipe,Taipei,Nigeria,Involvement Of The People's Republic Of China In Africa,France,Oil, | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Contemporary relations | 2>
Mao-era poster with the slogan "Chairman Mao is the great savior of the revolutionary peoples of the world."
The establishment of modern Sino-African relations dates back to the late 1950s when China signed the first official bilateral trade agreement with Algeria, Egypt, Guinea, Somalia, Morocco and Sudan. Zhou Enlai made a ten-country tour to Africa between December 1963 and January 1964. Relations at that time were often reflective of China's foreign policy in general: China "began to cultivate ties and offer[...] economic, technical and military support to African countries and liberation movements in an effort to encourage wars of national liberation and revolution as part of an international united front against both superpower".[21]
[edit] | Tags: Diplomacy | 3>
Members of FOCAC
Early modern bilateral relations were mainly affected by the Cold War and the communist ideology. China originally had close ties with the anti-apartheid and liberation movement, African National Congress (ANC), in South Africa, but as China's relations with the Soviet Union worsened and the ANC moved closer to the Soviet Union, China shifted away from the ANC towards the Pan-Africanist Congress.[22] China adopted several principles, among them supporting the independence of African countries while investing in infrastructure projects. The Somali Democratic Republic, created good relations with the Soviet Union throughout the Cold War era. When Somalia sought to create a Greater Somalia, they declared war on Ethiopia, with the aid of the Soviet Union, Somalia took the Ogaden region in three months. But the Soviet Union shifted it's support from Somalia to Ethiopia, and Ethiopia retook the Ogaden region. This angered Siad Barre, and expelled all Soviets from Somalia, but Somalia maintained good relations with China, which segrated with the traditional Russian Communism. During the Cold War a few smaller nations also entered in alliances with China, such as Burundi under Michel Micombero.
The question of Taiwan has been a key political issue for the People's Republic of China (PRC). In 1971, the support of African nations was crucial in the PRC joining the United Nations (UN), taking over the seat of the ROC on Taiwan.[23] However, while many African countries such as Algeria, Egypt and Zambia have stressed their support to "one-China policy" others such Swaziland, Burkina Faso, The Gambia and São Tomé and Príncipe are maintaining relations with Taipei.[24] For the quest of a permanent UN seat for Africa, Nigeria, the largest African country, relies on Chinese support while Egypt looks to U.S. backing.[25]
Since 1997, around 40 African heads of state have visited the PRC.[26] The ministerial meeting, Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC), held in Beijing in October 2000 was the first collective dialogue between the PRC and African nations.
[edit] | Tags: Trade | 3>
Main article: Involvement of the People's Republic of China in Africa
In 1999, the total Sino-African trade volume was US$6.5 billion.[27] However, by 2005, the total Sino-African trade had reached US$39.7 billion before it jumped to US$55 billion in 2006, making China the second largest trading partner of Africa after the United States, which had trade worth US$91 billion with African nations. The PRC also passed the traditional African economic partner and former colonial power France, which had trade worth US$47 billion.[6] There are an estimated 800 Chinese corporations doing business in Africa, most of which are private companies investing in the infrastructure, energy and banking sectors.[28] Unconditional and low-rate credit lines (rates at 1.5% over 15 years to 20 years)[29] have taken the place of the more restricted and conditional Western loans.[28] Since 2000, more than $10bn in debt owed by African nations to the PRC has been canceled.[29] Even though Africa has gained from commodity exports to China, Chinese exports to Africa as well as Chinese business practices isn't helping so much, says Mohamed Gueye. Problem, what problem?
One-third of China's oil supplies comes from the African continent, mainly from Angola.[30] Investments of Chinese companies in the energy sector have reached high levels in recent years.[when?] In some cases, like in Nigeria and Angola, oil and gas exploration and production deals reached more than $2 billion.[clarification needed][31][32] Many of those investments are mixed packages of aid and loan in exchange for infrastructure building and trade deals.
In agriculture, Benin and the Sahel countries of Burkina Faso and Mali supply up to 20% of China's cotton needs. While Côte d'Ivoire supplies China with cocoa,[33] large[quantify] shipments of coffee are imported from Kenya. As for fish products, Namibia remains one of the main[quantify] providers.[28]
[edit] | Tags: Health care | 3>
China has been engaged in a kind of "health diplomacy" towards Africa since the 1960s. Health care development and medical assistance have been one of the main successful areas of cooperation. Between the early 1960s and 2005, more than 15,000 Chinese doctors have been sent to Africa to help treat different cases[clarification needed] in more than 47 countries.[34] The medical teams, known as yiliaodui, have treated more than 170 million patients during the same period.[35]
In 2001, the member nations of G8, formed the United Nations-backed Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria with an initial budget of $10 billion. In 2007, another additional $1.1 billion was approved in Kunming, China, of which 66% was dedicated to Africa.[36] In September of the same year, China promised the Democratic Republic of the Congo to build 31 hospital units and other 145 smaller health care centers, a project due to be completed in March 2010.[37][38]
[edit] | Tags: Military | 3>
Military cooperation goes back to the Cold War period when China was keen to help African liberation movements. Apart from some traditional allies such as Somalia, Uganda and Ethiopia, China also had military ties with non-aligned countries such as Egypt. Military equipment worth $142 million was sold to African countries between 1955 and 1977.[29] Two decades after the collapse of the Soviet Union, military relations are now[dated info] based on business interests rather than ideology.
There is no Chinese military presence in Africa other than that used in peacekeeping.[citation needed] In 2004, China deployed around 1,500 soldiers under the UN umbrella, dispatched between Liberia and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.[29] China is also present via its military attachés; as of 2007, it has 14 attachés in 14 different African countries while there are 18 African countries who maintain their attachés in Beijing.[39] Apart from peacemaking, China provides military training and equipment to a few countries, though this does not require military forces to be deployed.
Due to the low prices of Chinese-made weaponry and military equipment, an increasing number of African countries shifted their source of supply from traditional providers such as Russia to China.[40] However, the selling of arms to some states accused by Western countries of war crimes, such as Sudan, have prompted criticism in the West (see Criticism section below).[41]
[edit] | Tags: Culture | 3>
Foreign students at Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan
Africa is a host of three Chinese cultural centers. The first overseas Chinese center was opened in Mauritius in 1988.[42] Two other followed in Egypt and Benin. The Confucius Institute, which focuses on the promotion of the Chinese language and culture, has 20 centers distributed around 13 African countries.[43]
Historically, little is known about early African immigration to China. Due to recent developments in relations,[ambiguous] many[quantify] have been relocating for better opportunities. Places dubbed 'Little Africa' and 'Chocolate city' are increasingly receiving new immigrants, mostly Nigerians. Most of the African immigrants are concentrated in the area of Guangzhou with an estimated number of 20,000.[44] It is estimated that there are around 10,000 illegal African immigrants in China and police crackdowns have intensified since early 2009.[45]
In contrast, early Chinese immigration to the African continent is slightly better documented. In 1724, a few Chinese convicts were brought as labourers to South Africa from the Dutch East Indies (modern-day Indonesia) by the colonial Dutch Empire. In the early 19th century, another wave of immigrants came to South Africa as workers brought by the British to work in agriculture, infrastructure building and mining.[46] In recent years, there has been an increasing presence of Chinese in Africa. Estimates vary by source though Xinhua, China's official news agency, states that there are no less than 750,000 Chinese nationals working or living in Africa.[46] The number of Chinese illegal immigrants remains unknown.
[edit] | Tags: Criticism | 2>
Scholars have argued that the PRC's supporting dictatorships in Africa is counter-productive both for long-term Chinese policy towards Africa, and to the African people. The PRC's involvement currently benefits primarily the elites, an opportunistic practice for which it has been criticized by humanitarians and others.
The Zimbabwean example is relevant. Relations between China and Robert Mugabe's regime in Zimbabwe have also been the focus of criticism by a few Western countries. China was accused of supplying Zimbabwe with jet fighters, vehicles and other military equipment.[47] China declared in 2007 that it was dropping all kinds of assistance and limiting assistance to humanitarian aid.[48] In July 2008, the Chinese diplomacy asked Mugabe "to behave" though critics see that as a way for China to protect its own interests in this country should a regime change.[49]
[edit] | Tags: Neo-colonialism | 3>
China's role in Africa has sparked much criticism, mainly by Western countries who accuse it of "neo-colonialism".[50][51] As a response to such criticism, China issued the Nine Principles to Encourage and Standardise Enterprises' Overseas Investment, a charter and guide of conduct to Chinese companies operating abroad.[52] Other criticism include the flooding of the African markets with low-cost Chinese-made products, thus harming the growth and the survival of local industries and businesses.[53]
[edit] | Tags: Human rights | 3>
Human rights organizations, particularly in the run-up to the 2008 Summer Olympics, criticized China for its supportive relationship with the government of Sudan, which is accused of mass killings in Darfur.[54][55] China is Sudan's largest economic partner, with a 40% share in their oil,[56] and also sells Sudan small arms.[57] China has threatened to veto UN Security Council actions to combat the Darfur crisis,[58] and has argued that, "As the Darfur issue is not an internal affair of China, nor was it caused by China, to link the two together is utterly unreasonable, irresponsible and unfair."[59]
[edit] | Tags: Events | 2>
This article is in a list format that may be better presented using prose. You can help by converting this article to prose, if appropriate. Editing help is available. (September 2011)
Banner for the 2006 Forum on China-Africa Cooperation summit in Beijing
1988, December 24
a quarrel erupted at a Christmas Eve party at the campus of Hohai University in Nanjing about correct identification between one of two African students and a Chinese security guard, who had ordered the Africans to register their two Chinese women guests. That led to a brawl between the African and Chinese students on the campus which lasted till the morning, leaving 13 students injured. (See Nanjing anti-African protests)
2000's
In the early to mid 2000s, Chinese investors and state agencies spent billions building roads in Kenya, a hydroelectric dam in Ghana and a mobile phone network in Ethiopia. Nigeria, where China controls 45% of all offshore oil reserves,[60] has a Mandarin-language newspaper (West African United Business Daily) serving 50,000 readers — a community greater in number than the British ever were, even at the height of British colonial rule in Nigeria.[61] In this exchange, China is buying the rights to natural resources — oil, precious minerals — to feed its expanding economy and new markets for its burgeoning enterprises. In 2005, this two-way trade had increased to $42 billion.[62]
2006, August 6
Chad changed its recognition of the Republic of China to the PRC.[63]
2006, November 3
China hosted a Forum on China-Africa Cooperation Summit in Beijing with the leaders of 48 African countries designed to cement its economic and political influence in the continent. Over 2000 business were being negotiated at the time. At the opening of the summit, President Hu Jintao stated China would offer $3 billion in preferential loans and $2 billion in export credits over the next three years. China announced that it would double its foreign aid though it did not offer details.[62]
2007, February
President Hu Jintao completed an eight-country tour of Africa.[64] The countries visited were Cameroon, Liberia, Sudan, Zambia, Namibia, South Africa, Mozambique and the Seychelles.[65]
[edit] | Tags: Comparison | 2>
Category
Africa
People's Republic of China
Flag
Population
922,011,000[66] (2005, 2nd)
1,321,851,888
Area
30,221,532 km²
11,668,598.7 km²
9,640,821 sq mi
3,704,427 sq mi
Population density
30.51/km² ≈ 80/sq mi
140/km²
363/sq mi
Largest cities
List of most populous cities in Africa
Shanghai
Population of largest cities
18,580,000
Languages
An estimated 2,000 languages.[67]
Main article: Languages of Africa
Approximately 292 languages.
Main article: Languages of China
Official languages
See also: List of official languages by state, List of official languages by state#C, and List of countries by military expenditures
Main religions
Christianity 45%
Islam 40.6%
Other 14.4%
Main article: Religion in Africa
non-religious 68%
Buddhism 18.5%
Taoism7.5%
Christianity 3%
Islam 3%
Main article: Religion in China
Ethnic groups
List of African ethnic groups
List of Chinese ethnic groups
nominal GDP in trillions of US Dollars
2.200
5.745
nominal GDP per capita in US Dollars
1,968
4,283
Foreign exchange reserves
-
1,950,000 millions of USD
Military expenditures in billions of $
70
[edit] | Tags: See also | 2>
Africa portal
China portal
List of People's Republic of China diplomatic missions
China in Africa
Caribbean–People's Republic of China relations
Sino-Pacific relations
[edit] | Tags: References | 2>
Freeman-Grenville, G.P.S., ed. (1975). The East African Coast. Select Documents form the first to the earlier nineteenth century. London: Rex Collings
Muekalia, D.J. (2004). "Africa and China's strategic partnership". African Security Review 13 (1): pp. 5–11
Snow, Philip (1988). The Star Raft: China's encounter with Africa. New York: Weidenfeld and Nicholson. ISBN 1-55584-184-8
Taylor, I. (1998). "China's foreign policy towards Africa in the 1990s". Journal of Modern African Studies 36 (3): pp. 443–460. doi:10.1017/S0022278X98002857
[edit] | Tags: Notes | 2>
^ a b Gin Ooi, Keat (2004) [2004]. Southeast Asia: a historical encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor. ABC-CLIO. pp. 626. ISBN 1-57607-770-5.
^ Between the Middle Ages and modernity: individual and community in the early By Charles H. Parker, Jerry H. Bentley pg 160
^ a b CCTV (2002-12-24). "Zheng He's Voyages". http://www.cctv.com/english/TouchChina/GloryofChineseCivilization/HistoricalCelebrities/MilitaryLeaders/20021224/100353.html. Retrieved 2006-08-13.
^ French, Howard W.; Polgreen, Lydia (2007-08-18). "Entrepreneurs From China Flourish in Africa". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/18/world/africa/18malawi.html?em&ex=1187582400&en=7b8806ea0f69e210&ei=5087%0A. Retrieved 2007-08-19.
^ China’s trade safari in Africa - Le Monde Diplomatique, May 2005
^ a b "China boosts African economies, offering a 'second opportunity’". Christian Science Monitor. http://www.csmonitor.com/centennial/timeline/2008/07/china-boosts-african-economies-offering-a-second-opportunity/. Retrieved 2009-03-14. [dead link]
^ "China-Africa Relations", Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China, April 25, 2002
^ Snow 1988, p 2
^ Pankhurst, Richard (1961). An Introduction to the Economic History of Ethiopia. London: Lalibela House. ASIN B000J1GFHC. , p. 268
^ Freeman-Grenville 1975
^ "Ibn Battuta's Trip: Part Nine - Malaysia and China (1345 - 1346)". http://www.sfusd.k12.ca.us/schwww/sch618/ibn_battuta/Battuta%27s_Trip_Nine.html. Retrieved 2009-03-19. [dead link]
^ "Ibn Battuta and Zheng He, the tourist and the admiral". http://www.bangorschools.net/hs/SR/IbnBattutta.html. Retrieved 2009-03-19. [dead link]
^ Snow 1998, p. 23
^ Eliot, Charles (1966). The East African Protectorate. Routledge. pp. 11. ISBN 0-7146-1661-3.
^ "Kenyan girl with Chinese blood steals limelight". Chinese Embassy in Kenya. http://ke.china-embassy.org/eng/sbgx/t202741.htm. Retrieved 2009-04-03.
^ "Children of the master voyager?", People's Daily, 2006-11-03, http://english.people.com.cn/200611/03/eng20061103_317869.html, retrieved 2009-03-30
^ "Is this young Kenyan Chinese descendant?", China Daily, 2005-07-11, http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2005-07/11/content_459090.htm, retrieved 2009-03-30
^ York, Geoffrey (2005-07-18), "Revisiting the history of the high seas", The Globe and Mail, http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/Page/document/v5/content/subscribe?user_URL=http://www.theglobeandmail.com%2Fservlet%2FArticleNews%2FTPStory%2FLAC%2F20050718%2FCHINA18%2FTPInternational%2FAsia&ord=51366453&brand=theglobeandmail&force_login=true, retrieved 2009-03-30
^ Frank Viviano (July 2005). "China's Great Armada, Admiral Zheng He". NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC: p. 6. http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/features/world/asia/china/zheng-he-text/6. Retrieved September 29, 2011.
^ Alex Perry (Friday, Aug. 01, 2008). "A Chinese Color War". TIME. http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1828432,00.html. Retrieved September 29, 2011.
^ Muekalia 2004, p.6
^ Taylor 2000, p. 93
^ "From "brothers" to "partners": China, Africa building strategic ties". Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the Arab Republic of Egypt. http://eg.china-embassy.org/eng/zagx/t274327.htm. Retrieved 2009-03-14.
^ "China woos Taiwan's African friends". afrol.com. http://www.afrol.com/articles/22427. Retrieved 2009-03-14.
^ "Africa and the UN Security Council Permanent Seats". pambazuka.org. http://www.pambazuka.org/en/category/aumonitor/27913. Retrieved 2009-03-14.
^ "China-Africa Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the People's Republic of China. http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/ziliao/3602/3604/t18059.htm. Retrieved 2009-03-14.
^ chinaembassy.org.zw Sino-African Relations
^ a b c "Africa, China Trade". Financial Times. http://media.ft.com/cms/e13530f4-c9df-11dc-b5dc-000077b07658.pdf. Retrieved 2009-03-14.
^ a b c d "China's trade safari in Africa". Le Monde Diplomatique. http://mondediplo.com/2005/05/11chinafrica. Retrieved 2009-03-14.
^ "China, Africa, and Oil". Council on Foreign Relations. http://www.cfr.org/publication/9557/. Retrieved 2009-03-14.
^ Linebaugh, Kate; Oster, Shai (2006-01-10). "Cnooc Pays $2.27 Billion For Nigerian Oil, Gas Stake". Wall Street Journal. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB113680307278841473.html. Retrieved 2009-03-14.
^ Lee, Don (2004-11-14). "China Barrels Ahead in Oil Market". Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/2004/nov/14/business/fi-chinaoil14. Retrieved 2009-03-14.
^ from US$39,7 million in 2001 to $113,5 million in 2005 (source:intracen.org)
^ Thompson, Drew. [tt_news=3901 "China's soft power in Africa: From the "Beijing Consensus" to health diplomacy"]. jamestown.org. http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews[tt_news]=3901. Retrieved 2009-03-14.
^ "Medical Teams Continue to Help Africa". china.org.cn. http://www.china.org.cn/english/health/187358.htm. Retrieved 2009-03-14.
^ "China, U.S. and Africa: Competition or Cooperation?". The Defense Technical Information Center p.17. http://stinet.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA481365&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf. Retrieved 2009-03-14.
^ "The Chinese and Congo take a giant leap of faith". iht.com. http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/09/21/news/letter.php. Retrieved 2009-03-14.
^ "Copper Colony in Congo". Le Monde diplomatique. http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/issues/congo/2008/0701coppercolony.htm. Retrieved 2009-03-14.
^ "Military backs China's Africa adventure". Asia Times. http://www.atimes.com/atimes/china/if08ad02.html. Retrieved 2009-03-14.
^ "Russian, Chinese weapons compete in Africa". upiasia.com. http://www.upiasia.com/Security/2008/12/19/russian_chinese_weapons_compete_in_africa/5472/. Retrieved 2009-03-14.
^ "China 'is fuelling war in Darfur'". BBC. 2008-07-13. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7503428.stm. Retrieved 2009-03-14.
^ "Out of Africa". China Daily. http://www.china.org.cn/culture/2009-02/17/content_17288743.htm. Retrieved 2009-03-14.
^ "Confucius Institute Bridges Friendship between China and Africa". cri.com.cn. http://english.cri.cn/4406/2009/02/17/1122s454769.htm. Retrieved 2009-03-14.
^ "Evan Osnos, Letter from China, "The Promised Land"". The New Yorker. http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2009/02/09/090209fa_fact_osnos. Retrieved 2009-03-14.
^ "China's 'Little Africa' is under pressure". globalpost.com. http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/china-and-its-neighbors/090219/chinas-little-africa-under-pressure. Retrieved 2009-03-14.
^ a b "China and Africa: Stronger Economic Ties Mean More Migration". Migration Policy Institute. http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?id=690. Retrieved 2009-03-14.
^ Beresford, David (2008-04-18). "Chinese ship carries arms cargo to Mugabe regime". guardian.co.uk (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/apr/18/china.armstrade. Retrieved 2009-03-14.
^ Spencer, Richard (2007-08-31). "China is to withdraw backing for Mugabe". telegraph.co.uk (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1561824/China-is-to-withdraw-backing-for-Mugabe.html. Retrieved 2009-03-14.
^ Evans, Ian (2008-07-26). "Robert Mugabe forced into talks with opposition after China told him 'to behave'". telegraph.co.uk (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/zimbabwe/2461693/Robert-Mugabe-forced-into-talks-with-opposition-after-China-told-him-to-behave.html. Retrieved 2009-03-14.
^ Blair, David (2007-08-31). "Why China is trying to colonise Africa". telegraph.co.uk (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/personal-view/3642345/Why-China-is-trying-to-colonise-Africa.html. Retrieved 2009-03-14.
^ "China as Africa's 'angel in white'". Asia Times. http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China_Business/HK03Cb04.html. Retrieved 2009-03-14.
^ "The Forest for the Trees: Trade, Investment and the China-in-Africa Discourse" (pdf). Barry Sautman, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology Yan Hairong, University of Hong Kong. http://www.tni.org/archives/acts/forestfortrees-sautman.pdf. Retrieved 2009-03-14.
^ "China in Africa - Is China Gaining Control of Africa's Resources" (pdf). Golobal Researcher. http://www.gpc.edu/~gpcglobe/Forms/ChinainAfrica.pdf. Retrieved 2009-03-14.
^ "Why China Won’t Save Darfur". Foreign Policy. http://www.foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=3847. Retrieved 2009-03-14.
^ "Beyond Darfur - Sudan's Slide Toward Civil War". Foreign Affairs. http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20080501faessay87306/andrew-s-natsios/beyond-darfur.html. Retrieved 2009-03-14.
^ "The "Big 4" – How oil revenues are connected to Khartoum". Amnesty International USA. http://www.amnestyusa.org/Business_and_Human_Rights/The_Big_4/page.do?id=1081006&n1=3&n2=26. Retrieved 2009-03-14.
^ "Oil for China, Guns for Darfur". businessweek. http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/mar2008/gb20080314_430126.htm?chan=globalbiz_asia+index+page_economics+%2Bamp%3B+policy. Retrieved 2009-03-14.
^ "The United Nations and Darfur". Human Rights Watch. http://www.hrw.org/wr2k5/darfur/3.htm. Retrieved 2009-03-14.
^ "China: Darfur-Olympic link 'unfair'". aljazeera.net. http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/D7B8BB0F-B5D3-40DA-8123-C7A7AA6A3FDC.htmm. Retrieved 2009-03-14.
^ "CNOOC takes 45% stake in Nigerian oil", PRC Embassy website
^ Is China the new colonial power in Africa? Taipei Times, November 1, 2006
^ a b "China to double its aid to Africa", BBC News, November 4, 2006
^ BBC News (2006-08-07). "Chad chooses China over Taiwan". BBC. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/5251762.stm. Retrieved 2007-01-14.
^ "Chinese leader boosts Sudan ties", BBC News, February 2, 2007
^ "President Hu's Africa Tour", china.org.cn (accessed February 2, 2007
^ "World Population Prospects: The 2006 Revision" United Nations (Department of Economic and Social Affairs, population division)
^ "Africa". UNESCO. 2005. http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID=8048&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html. Retrieved 2009-03-01. [dead link]
[edit] | Tags: Further reading | 2>
Alden, Chris (2007). China in Africa: Partner, Competitor or Hegemon?. Zed Books. ISBN 1-84277-864-1
Ian Taylor, China and Africa: Engagement and Compromise. London: Routledge, 2006 ISBN 0-415-39740-5.
Taylor, Ian (2009). China's New Role in Africa. Boulder: Zed Books. ISBN 1-58826-636-2
Shaun Breslin and Ian Taylor, Explaining the Rise of 'Human Rights' in Analyses of Sino-African Relations, Review of African Political Economy, no. 115, 2008, pp. 59–71.
Scarlett Cornelissen and Ian Taylor, The Political Economy of Chinese and Japanese Linkages with Africa: A Comparative Perspective, Pacific Review, vol. 13, no. 4, 2000, pp. 615–633.
Wyatt, Don J. (2009). The Blacks of Premodern China. Encounters with Asia. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-4193-2. http://books.google.com/books?id=UMIKjFQB98MC&pg=PA102
[edit] | Tags: External links | 2>
Academic research
The Balancing Act of China’s Africa Policy - (Wenping, He) Institute of West-Asian and African Studies, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. China Security Vol. 3 No. 3 Summer 2007
The Forest for the Trees: Trade, Investment and the China-in-Africa Discourse - (Sautman, Barry) Hong Kong University of Science & Technology / (Hairong, Yan) University of Hong Kong May 28, 2007
Zhiqun Zhu (2007). "China's New Diplomacy in Africa (post 1990)". http://sloc.cafe24.com/upload/publication01/2007B06.pdf
Media special reports
Africa-China Trade - Financial Times
Africa-China - Pambazuka.org, an African social justice watchdog
Media articles
The summit in Beijing, Steph | Tags: People's Republic Of China,Africa,Websites related to: Auto 85 |